The specific criteria of an ideal scaffold in bone tissue engineering are summarised in Table 1.įull size table Polymeric materials Naturally derived biopolymers Appropriate mechanical strength is another important requirement for implants at load-bearing sites. To engineer bone, which is a vascularised tissue, a well-interconnected porosity is highly desirable for the sake of vascularisation. Ideally, a tissue engineering scaffold should be biocompatible, biodegradable, highly porous and interconnected, and mechanically reliable. In general, a tissue engineering process begins with the fabrication of a biologically compatible scaffold that will support living cells for their attachment, proliferation and differentiation, and thus promote tissue regeneration both in vitro and in vivo. Developed as an artificial bone matrix, a tissue engineering scaffold plays an essential role in regenerating bone tissue. 2000) associated with donor-site morbidity and scarcity in autografting and allografting (allografting also introduces the risk of disease and infection transmission). Tissue engineering aims to eliminate the disadvantages of the conventional clinical treatments (Burg et al. This innovative technology has attracted increasing attention as an alternative strategy to treat damaged organs and tissues that cannot be self-regenerated, such as full-thickness skin burn, over critical-sized bone defects, and chronic cartilage disease. Tissue engineering is defined as a multidisciplinary scientific branch that combines cell biology, materials science and engineering, and regenerative medicine (Langer and Vacanti 1993). Finally, the advantaged and disadvantage of these techniques are compared ( Comparison of scaffolding techniques) and summarised ( Summary). For each technique, the structure and mechanical integrity of fabricated scaffolds are discussed in detail. After a brief reviews on conventional scaffolding techniques ( Conventional scaffolding techniques), a number of CAM techniques are reviewed in great detail. This article starts with a brief introduction of tissue engineering ( Bone tissue engineering and scaffolds) and scaffolding materials ( Biomaterials used in bone tissue engineering). This review provides an update on the progress of foaming technology of biomaterials, with a special attention being focused on computer-aided manufacturing (Andrade et al. In the last two decades, numerous scaffolding techniques have been developed to fabricate highly interconnective, porous scaffolds for bone tissue engineering applications. A huge effort has been invested in bone tissue engineering, in which a highly porous scaffold plays a critical role in guiding bone and vascular tissue growth and regeneration in three dimensions. Hence, the engineered tissue construct is an artificial scaffold populated with living cells and signalling molecules. growth factors) and extracellular matrix (ECM). Natural tissues consist of three components: cells, signalling systems (e.g. Tissue engineering is essentially a technique for imitating nature.
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